Fit quotations within your sentences, enclosed in quotation marks, making sure the sentences are grammatically correct. Gibaldi , p. If two or more of your sources are written by authors with the same surname, include the first author's initials with the surname in every in-text reference.
Example: Among studies, we review M. Light and Light and I. Light When a work has 2 authors , cite both names every time the reference occurs. When a work has authors , cite all the names the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, use the surname of the first author followed by et al.
Note: There is a helpful chart on how to cite references with different numbers of authors on page of the Manual. If a resource contains no page numbers, as can be the case with electronic sources, then you cannot include a page number in the parentheses. If the paragraph number is not visible, cite the heading and the paragraph number following it. Sometimes an author writes about research that someone else has done, but you are unable to track down the original research report.
In this case, because you did not read the original report, you will include only the source you did consult in your References. It is based on the 6th edition of the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association.
This style is used primarily by those in the social science and education disciplines. CitationFox-APA contains templates and examples for over different resource types. APA online tutorial. Report a problem.
Alternatively, using the author's name in your writing can make the paragraph flow better and prevent you from having to repeat the citation subsequent sentences.
Also see p. In a randomized controlled trial conducted by Smith, dogs preferred their owners to all other people. The results of his study have implications for dog behavior. However, his study also had a small sample size, so more research into this area is necessary. The technique of using authors' names in the text of your paper is also helpful when you want to compare the work of two or more authors and make be citing them alternately throughout a paragraph.
Lincoln's work built on this idea even further and provided some evidence of variation in levels of preference based on amount and type of training the dog had received. Her study revealed that dogs who had spent time in formal training programs with their owners showed a higher the preference for those owners than dogs who had participated in more informal training.
The results of both studies have implications for dog behavior and the possible causes for variations in that behavior Lincoln, ; Smith, However, both studies also had small sample sizes, so more research into this area is necessary. Please see another good explanation for citing one author multiple times throughout a paragraph here. The examples above for Citing one Author Throughout a Paragraph use what are called signal phrases to alert the reader that the writer is about to use information from an outside source.
For example:. According to Smith As noted by Watson and Holmes Roberts discovered Signal phrases are a handy tool to help you indicate what content of your paper is coming from an outside source and which parts are your own original analysis.
And see suggested words to use in your signal phrases. Sometimes you will want to make a general statement about two or more of the studies you read, especially if they had similar conclusions. To do that, just include each set of authors and dates in your parentheses, in the same order they appear in your reference list i.
Kalisch and B. Kalisch argued…. Kalisch, If you are directly quoting text from a slide presentation, include a slide number and a paragraph number if necessary , so that anyone reading your paper will be able to quickly and easily find your source. Smith, , slide 12, para. If the item in a work of art or other piece with a known creator, use the same structure as you would for a written work with an author:.
Van Gogh, Gastroscope, ca. Museum of Fine Arts, All images in a presentation must be treated the same as figures would be in a written paper. You can think of each presentation slide as a page in an APA style paper. An image should have a caption. Article title. Book title. This is significant for the reference list but not for in-text citations. If you have a direct quotation that is less than 40 words, blend the quotation smoothly into your writing and use quotation marks.
If the quotation is 40 words or more, place it in a free-standing, indented text block, do not use quotation marks, and do maintain double spacing. End with a period, then place the in-text citation. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Duis dolor nunc, eleifend nec placerat vel, rhoncus et sem.
Fusce ullamcorper scelerisque libero, nec eleifend felis tristique vitae. Fusce varius luctus nisi, ut mattis ligula.
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